‘Artificial sun’ of China breaks a fusion limit

 A fusion limit scientists thought was unbreakable, broken by China’s ‘artificial sun’ 

China’s flagship fusion experiment has crossed a line which many physicists once treated as a hard stop, pushing plasma density beyond a limit which had constrained reactors for decades. By finding a way around this barrier inside its so‑called “artificial sun,” China has not only set a new performance benchmark but also reshaped expectations for how quickly fusion might move from theory to grid‑scale power. The result is technical, but the stakes are not: higher plasma density is one of the most direct levers for making fusion devices smaller, cheaper and more likely to ignite. If the approach demonstrated in China can be replicated and controlled, it could accelerate the global race to turn fusion from a scientific milestone into a practical energy source. Researchers experiment confirmed that plasma can remain stable even at extreme densities if it's interaction with the reactor walls is carefully controlled. This finding removes a major obstacle which has slowed progress toward fusion ignition. The advance could help future fusion reactors produce more power. The result brings fusion ignition closer than ever. Scientists working with China's fully superconducting Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) have successfully reached a long-theorized "density-free regime" in fusion plasma experiments. In this state, the plasma remains stable even when its density rises far beyond traditional limits. The results shed new light on how one of fusion energy's most stubborn physical barriers might finally be overcome on the road to ignition. Behind the dramatic nickname sits a specific machine with a clear purpose. China’s “artificial sun” is the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, better known as EAST, a doughnut‑shaped fusion device which uses powerful magnetic fields to confine ultra‑hot plasma. Researchers designed EAST to explore how to sustain the extreme temperatures and pressures needed for fusion reactions, conditions which mimic the physics inside real stars but must be achieved in a controlled laboratory setting.

The EAST experiments provided the first experimental confirmation of this theoretical idea. Researchers carefully controlled the initial fuel gas pressure and applied electron cyclotron resonance heating during the startup phase of each discharge. This strategy allowed plasma-wall interactions to be optimized from the very beginning. As a result, impurity buildup and energy losses were greatly reduced, allowing the plasma density to increase steadily by the end of startup. Under these conditions, EAST successfully entered the PWSO-predicted density-free regime, where stable operation was maintained even at densities far exceeding empirical limits. Fusion performance is often boiled down to three variables: temperature, confinement time and density. The higher the density, the more frequently particles collide and fuse, which is why the density limit has been such a stubborn obstacle. By finding a way to raise density without sacrificing stability, EAST’s operators have effectively opened a new path to reaching the conditions where a fusion plasma can sustain itself, a state known as ignition. Breaking the density barrier is not just a record but a qualitative shift in how easily reactors might reach ignition conditions. One analysis explains that by operating in a density‑free regime, future devices could achieve the same fusion power with smaller volumes or less extreme temperatures, making the engineering challenge more tractable. A separate overview aimed at non‑specialists notes that this shift could help reactors “reach ignition conditions more easily,” framing the density breakthrough as a key step in moving clean energy closer to reality, a point captured in a summary which describes how China’s EAST fusion reactor broke through a density barrier with direct implications for ignition.

Nuclear fusion is widely seen as a potential source of clean and sustainable energy. In deuterium-tritium fusion, the fuel must be heated to about 13 keV (150 million kelvin) to reach optimal conditions. At such temperatures, the amount of fusion power produced increases with the square of the plasma density. Despite this advantage, tokamak experiments have long been constrained by an upper density limit. When that limit is exceeded, the plasma often becomes unstable, disrupting confinement and threatening the operation of the device. These instabilities have been a major obstacle to improving fusion performance. For decades, fusion researchers have worked under a sobering constraint: pack too many charged particles into a tokamak and the plasma becomes unstable, cools and can even crash into the reactor walls. Historically, scientists have acknowledged that plasma density has an upper limit, and when this limit is reached the plasma tends to lose confinement or trigger disruptive events which shut down the reaction. This ceiling effectively capped how much fusion power a given machine could hope to produce, regardless of how hot or well‑shaped the plasma might be. China’s latest experiment underscores how deeply this assumption was baked into fusion design. Researchers emphasized that when the traditional density threshold is crossed, the plasma typically degrades so quickly that sustained operation becomes impossible, a pattern that has shaped engineering choices in tokamaks worldwide. A detailed explanation from China notes that, historically, when this limit is reached, the plasma either radiates energy away or destabilizes, which is why the new work is framed as finding a way to “surpass the plasma density limit” rather than simply nudging it upward, as described in a report which stresses how Researchers confronted the idea that density has an upper limit. 

A newer theoretical framework known as plasma-wall self organization (PWSO) offers a different explanation for why density limits arise. The concept was first proposed by D.F. Escande et al. from the French National Center for Scientific Research and Aix-Marseille University. According to PWSO theory, a density-free regime can emerge when the interaction between the plasma and the reactor's metallic walls reaches a carefully balanced state. In this regime, physical sputtering plays a dominant role in shaping plasma behavior. The breakthrough did not come from brute force but from a carefully engineered change in how the plasma is driven and shaped. Researchers using China’s “artificial sun” fusion reactor adjusted the conditions inside EAST so that the plasma entered a regime predicted by a theory known as PWSO, which suggested that under certain circumstances the usual density ceiling might not apply. Instead of simply cranking up fueling until the plasma failed, the team tuned the magnetic configuration and heating profile to guide the plasma into this new state. Under these conditions, EAST successfully entered the PWSO‑predicted density‑free regime, where stable operation was maintained even as the density climbed beyond the long‑accepted limit. The description of the experiment explains that EAST, operating in this mode, did not show the rapid loss of confinement which typically accompanies high‑density attempts, which is why the machine effectively broke through a long‑standing density barrier in fusion. Under the right shaping and control, EAST entered the PWSO regime and held a dense plasma without triggering the usual instabilities.

The research was co-led by Prof. Ping Zhu of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Associate Prof. Ning Yan of the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. By developing a new high-density operating approach for EAST, the team showed that plasma density can be pushed well past long-standing empirical limits without triggering the disruptive instabilities that usually end experiments. This finding challenges decades of assumptions about how tokamak plasmas behave at high density. Researchers using China’s “artificial sun” fusion reactor have now used EAST to probe a regime of plasma behavior that had only existed on paper, treating the machine as a test bed for the most advanced confinement theories. In earlier work, the same facility already demonstrated that it could contain a steady plasma for extended periods, a feat highlighted when China’s “Artificial Sun” set a record for maintaining high‑temperature conditions as part of the broader International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor program, a milestone described in detail in a Breaks Record report. What makes the EAST result especially significant is that it validates a specific theoretical prediction rather than a lucky accident. The PWSO framework proposed that under a particular balance of pressure, current and magnetic shear, a tokamak plasma could avoid the instabilities that normally appear at high density. The usual limit is not a fundamental law of nature but a consequence of how most machines have been operated up to now.

EAST’s operators deliberately steered the plasma into this PWSO‑predicted state, then pushed density higher to test whether the theory held. Under the new conditions, the plasma behaved as the model suggested, maintaining confinement even as density rose, which is why the report emphasizes that EAST “successfully entered the PWSO‑predicted density‑free regime.” By matching experimental behavior to the PWSO expectations, the team has strengthened confidence that this is a reproducible operating mode rather than a one‑off anomaly, a point underscored in a technical description that highlights how Researchers used China’s “artificial sun” to confirm a long‑standing theoretical insight. The work unfolded in HEFEI, where EAST is installed as a centerpiece of China’s fusion research program. Jan accounts describe how researchers there orchestrated a series of discharges, gradually adjusting fueling and magnetic parameters to probe the edge of the traditional density limit. Rather than driving the machine into repeated disruptions, the team used real‑time diagnostics to watch for early signs of instability, then nudged the plasma back toward the PWSO‑favored configuration. The HEFEI team identified a method to surpass the plasma density limit by building on this theoretical insight and applying it in a controlled experimental campaign. The researchers treated the density ceiling as a challenge to be engineered around, not a fixed boundary, and that their success depended on both advanced modeling and precise hardware control. 

For non‑specialists, the natural question is what this means for daily life, from home electricity bills to the carbon footprint of a 2025 Tesla Model 3 charging overnight. While the density breakthrough is a major scientific advance, it does not instantly turn EAST into a power plant. The machine remains an experimental tokamak, and the path from a high‑performance plasma shot to a commercial reactor still runs through engineering challenges such as materials which can withstand intense neutron bombardment and systems that can extract heat efficiently. The practical implications are real. One accessible overview framed the result in terms of what it means “for me personally,” arguing that by making it easier for reactors to reach ignition conditions, the EAST result moves clean energy closer to the grid in a tangible way. The same analysis notes that higher density could allow future fusion plants to be smaller and potentially cheaper, which would matter for everything from national energy planning to the cost of running data centers or charging electric vehicles. A detailed explanation emphasizes that scientists see this as a step toward reactors which can “reach ignition conditions more easily,” a phrase used in a summary that describes how What this means for clean energy is a shorter, clearer route from experimental physics to practical power.

These experimental results offer new physical insight into how the long-standing density barrier in tokamak operation might be broken in the pursuit of fusion ignition. "The findings suggest a practical and scalable pathway for extending density limits in tokamaks and next-generation burning plasma fusion devices," said Prof. Zhu. Associate Pro. Yan added that the team plans to apply the same approach during high-confinement operation on EAST in the near future, with the goal of reaching the density-free regime under high-performance plasma conditions. For large international projects, the EAST result is both an opportunity and a challenge. Devices such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor were designed around conservative assumptions about density, in part to avoid the very instabilities which EAST has now sidestepped. If the PWSO regime can be incorporated into their operating scenarios, these reactors might achieve higher performance than originally projected, or reach their targets with more operational flexibility. China’s own fusion program has long been intertwined with these global efforts. The density breakthrough will now become part of that shared knowledge base, potentially influencing how future machines are planned. For next‑generation concepts this aim to be more compact than ITER, the ability to operate at higher density without sacrificing stability could be transformative, allowing designers to trade size for performance in ways which were previously off the table.

China’s decision to invest heavily in EAST and related facilities is now paying off in the form of headline‑grabbing breakthroughs which also carry strategic weight. By demonstrating a way around a limit which had constrained fusion research for decades, China has positioned itself as a central player in the global effort to commercialize the technology, complementing its roles in other large projects and its domestic push for advanced reactors. The “artificial sun” branding, while dramatic, reflects a broader narrative in which fusion is framed as a pillar of long‑term energy security and technological leadership.  A detailed explanation from China notes that building on this theoretical insight into the density limit could benefit not just EAST but other tokamaks, according to the scientists who led the work. One report explains that by showing how to apply the new regime in a practical setting, the team has created a template which could be adopted internationally, a point captured in a description which stresses how building on this theoretical insight can help other tokamaks follow EAST’s lead.

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Infinite energy is the aim of Japan and Europe

Fusion-energy quest makes big advance with US, Japan and Europe joined to produce infinite energy 

The inauguration of the world’s most powerful fusion machine brings the dream of clean, safe and abundant power closer. In the eastern Japanese city of Naka stands a six-storey-high tower that is far from being an ordinary building. The device inside the cylindrical steel structure is called a tokamak. It’s designed to hold swirling superheated gases called plasmas at up to 200 million degrees Celsius – more than 10 times hotter than the sun’s core. There has been an interest in the fourth state of matter, and the US, Japan and Europe have joined hands to work towards the stage of abundant power. Thanks to the partnership forged by Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory with Japan and Europe, a fusion machine was built to support all operations of ITER and to guide by providing research for all fusion power plants created after ITER. This operating tokamak, known as the JT-60SA, started as a mere experiment and has since evolved into the world’s largest fusion machine, said to produce energy enclosed at 100,000,000 ºC in the fourth state of matter.

Located northeast of Tokyo, the tokamak represents the next milestone in a decades-long international quest to make fusion energy a reality and reflects leading roles played by the EU and Japan. The Naka structure, known as JT-60SA, is the outcome of an EU-Japan agreement from 2007 to develop fusion energy. It’s the world’s most powerful tokamak and was inaugurated in December 2023 after almost a decade of construction. ‘JT-60SA coming into operation is a very important milestone,’ said Professor Ambrogio Fasoli, an Italian physics expert who leads a consortium which received EU funding to advance the prospects for commercial energy from fusion. The partnership brings together around 170 laboratories and industrial partners from 29 countries. The participants are contributing hardware and personnel to JT-60SA. Fusion-energy reactors like JT-60SA replicate processes which occur in the sun and other stars. By fusing hydrogen atoms to create helium and one neutron releasing energy in the form of heat, they have the potential to generate a safe, clean and almost inexhaustible source of power. Firstly, when it comes to fusing atoms, environments for maintaining must be so extreme since traditional sensors would end up melting. Superconducting magnets will provide the magnetic field required to confine the plasma, whilst operating continuously without losing energy. Scientists would need to ensure stability within the tokamak to prevent any other disruptions.

The JT-60SA is known for being an upgraded version of the JT-60U tokamak, or more fondly, the artificial sun, defying the laws of the universe. This upgraded tokamak enabled the optimization of the plasma’s shape. With the JT-60SA, the plasma created was more triangular in shape to improve confinement. Furthermore, this upgraded machine would be able to test different scenarios since it will operate in different divertor configurations. JT-60SA will inform work on the next planned tokamak: ITER, the world’s largest fusion experiment. Double the size of JT-60SA, ITER is being built on a 180-hectare site in southern France. F4E manages Europe’s contribution to ITER, which brings together 33 countries, as well as to JT-60SA, whose planned lifespan is around 20 years. With confirmation that JT-60SA’s core systems work, the reactor will enter a planned shutdown for two to three years while an external heating-power system is added and other ones are upgraded. ‘When we start the next operational phase, we will then be able to go a lot further with plasma production and understanding different configurations,’ said Phillips. While the JT-60SA had produced its very first plasma in late 2023, the mission of taking plasma production forward will be escalated in October 2026. This year will be the year of the full-scale experimental campaign after many years of research, experimenting and testing. Upgrades have been done over the years, with teams from Japan and Europe involved in the technical side of the project. These teams have installed heating systems and the ports deemed necessary to conduct experiments. This year will see the start of a series of plasma experiments with hydrogen isotopes being energized to produce high-temperature plasma as well. With such experiments on the cards, the idea is to:-

Test methods for high-pressure plasma.

Look at plasma behavior, particularly in future reactors like DEMO.

Provide data directly derived from the operation of the plasma project.

Now that the construction of the tokamak is complete, the next step would be to guide scientific discovery which could further shape energy systems.

European Commissioner for Energy Kadri Simson took part in the inauguration of JT-60SA. The €600 million reactor was built jointly by an EU organisation called Fusion for Energy, or F4E, and Japan’s National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, also known as QST. When it was declared active, JT-60SA claimed the title of largest tokamak from a 40-year-old facility in the UK called Joint European Torus, or JET. JT-60SA will feature up to 41 megawatts of heating power compared with 38 MW for JET. ‘We turned the machine on and it works,’ said Guy Phillips, head of unit for JT-60SA at F4E. ‘We managed to produce the biggest volume of plasma ever in such a device, which is a great achievement. But this was just the first step and we still have a lot of work to do.’ The system will be online in the latter part of 2026 for a series of first-round experiments. Thus far, the JT-60SA has been a fusion experiment in Naka, Japan. This fusion machine was designed and built under the supervision of the Broader Approach Agreement between Japan and Euratom. The idea behind this machine was to explore optimal conditions for the shape of the fourth state of matter, plasma. The experiment looked at using superconducting coils which could cool to zero fully, as well as shape plasma which was hotter than the sun. In the process, this tokamak project has broken records. The JT-60SA has attained the Guinness World Record for obtaining plasma volumes of 160 cubic meters. This is quite the record since all prior research attempts and all prior tokamak devices could not obtain such plasma volumes.

Fusion is the reverse of fission, the process at the heart of traditional nuclear power stations. While fission involves the division of a heavy atom into two light atoms, fusion combines two light atoms to form a larger one. Unlike fission, fusion produces no long-lived nuclear waste and presents no risk of a meltdown or chain reaction. Research into fusion began in the 1920s when a British astrophysicist named Arthur Eddington linked the energy of stars to the fusion of hydrogen into helium. A century later, as climate change intensifies and countries worldwide seek alternatives to fossil fuels which cause it, the lure of fusion is as strong as ever. But significant obstacles remain. They include the technical challenges of building reactors whose walls won’t melt from the extreme heat inside, finding the best mixes of materials for fusion production and limiting irradiation of materials inside the reactor. Continuity is a strong feature of fusion research. Before turning their attention to JT-60SA, EUROfusion researchers worked on JET. The facility broke its own record for the largest amount of energy produced by a fusion-energy reactor before the final experiments were carried out there and it was shut down in December 2023. Measuring 69 megajoules in a 5.2-second burst, the energy was estimated to be enough to power 12 000 homes. ‘The fusion energy record at JET is an incredibly strong reminder of how well we now master fusion reactions on Earth,’ said Fasoli.

Given the importance of know-how in the field, both EUROfusion and F4E run programmes to get future generations of scientists interested and trained in fusion. Two factors holding back interest in fusion by some young researchers are a lack of immediate results in the field and an indirect, as well as unjustified, stigma linked to nuclear fission, according to Fasoli. ‘This is a transgenerational effort,’ he said. ‘There’s a need for education, training and structures that can keep people who are interested.’ The fourth state of matter may spell infinite and unlimited energy once scientists figure out how to tame plasma properly. Thanks to the international collaboration between Europe, Japan and the US, the JT-60SA signifies how, with collaboration, scientific complexities can be overcome. This machine is ready to start its scientific journey in the latter part of 2026. For now, we can only assume that much valuable data will be gained from this project, and this data will assist with future fusion control systems. Furthermore, the knowledge accumulated by experimental attempts will support ITER too, and not just the JT-60SA. With the 100,000,000°C for plasma promise, the world is reimagining infinite energy. European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth Iliana Ivanova said at a March 2024 event with industry representatives that collaboration between private and public entities in the field of fusion is essential to accelerate the demonstration of fusion-electricity generation. The goal is to involve bigger industrial stakeholders as well as startups in the transition from laboratory to fabrication. This means combining the private sector’s entrepreneurship and industrial capability with the ambition and realism of the public sector, according to Fasoli. He said that fusion energy could become a reality by the 2050s. ‘As long as we all row in the same direction, I think that horizon is still reasonable,’ Fasoli said. ‘It means we need everybody to work together.’

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